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lowest-free-energy structure - translation to ρωσικά
WIKIMEDIA DISAMBIGUATION PAGE
Free Energy; Free energy (disambiguation); History of free energy
lowest-free-energy structure
общая лексика
структура с минимальной свободной энергией
Gibbs energy
![The reaction C<sub>(s)</sub><sup>diamond</sup> → C<sub>(s)</sub><sup>graphite</sup> has a negative change in Gibbs free energy and is therefore thermodynamically favorable at 25 °C and 1 atm. However, the reaction is too slow to be observed, because of its very high [[activation energy]]. Whether a reaction is thermodynamically favorable does not determine its rate.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Diamond.jpg?width=200 "The reaction C<sub>(s)</sub><sup>diamond</sup> → C<sub>(s)</sub><sup>graphite</sup> has a negative change in Gibbs free energy and is therefore thermodynamically favorable at 25 °C and 1 atm. However, the reaction is too slow to be observed, because of its very high [[activation energy]]. Whether a reaction is thermodynamically favorable does not determine its rate.")
![thermodynamic surface]]''' diagram for a fictitious water-like substance, transposed the two figures of Gibbs (above right) onto the volume-entropy coordinates (transposed to bottom of cube) and energy-entropy coordinates (flipped upside down and transposed to back of cube), respectively, of a three-dimensional [[Cartesian coordinates]]; the region AB being the first-ever three-dimensional representation of Gibbs free energy, or what Gibbs called "available energy"; the region AC being its capacity for [[entropy]], what Gibbs defined as "the amount by which the entropy of the body can be increased without changing the energy of the body or increasing its volume.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Gibbs-Maxwell surfaces.png?width=200 "thermodynamic surface]]''' diagram for a fictitious water-like substance, transposed the two figures of Gibbs (above right) onto the volume-entropy coordinates (transposed to bottom of cube) and energy-entropy coordinates (flipped upside down and transposed to back of cube), respectively, of a three-dimensional [[Cartesian coordinates]]; the region AB being the first-ever three-dimensional representation of Gibbs free energy, or what Gibbs called \"available energy\"; the region AC being its capacity for [[entropy]], what Gibbs defined as \"the amount by which the entropy of the body can be increased without changing the energy of the body or increasing its volume.")
![volume]]) and passing through point A, which represents the initial state of the body. MN is the section of the surface of [[dissipated energy]]. Q''ε'' and Q''η'' are sections of the planes ''η'' = 0 and ''ε'' = 0, and therefore parallel to the axes of ''ε'' ([[internal energy]]) and ''η'' ([[entropy]]), respectively. AD and AE are the energy and entropy of the body in its initial state, AB and AC its ''available energy'' (Gibbs free energy) and its ''capacity for entropy'' (the amount by which the entropy of the body can be increased without changing the energy of the body or increasing its volume), respectively.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Wykres Gibbsa.svg?width=200 "volume]]) and passing through point A, which represents the initial state of the body. MN is the section of the surface of [[dissipated energy]]. Q''ε'' and Q''η'' are sections of the planes ''η'' = 0 and ''ε'' = 0, and therefore parallel to the axes of ''ε'' ([[internal energy]]) and ''η'' ([[entropy]]), respectively. AD and AE are the energy and entropy of the body in its initial state, AB and AC its ''available energy'' (Gibbs free energy) and its ''capacity for entropy'' (the amount by which the entropy of the body can be increased without changing the energy of the body or increasing its volume), respectively.")
TYPE OF THERMODYNAMIC POTENTIAL; USEFUL FOR CALCULATING REVERSIBLE WORK IN CERTAIN SYSTEMS
Gibbs function; Gibbs energy; Gibbs free energy change of formation; Gibb's free energy; ΔG°; Standard Gibbs free energy change of formation; Gibbs Free Energy; Free enthalpy; Gibbs free energy change; Gibbs Energy; Gibbs' free energy; Free energy equation; Energetically favourable; Gibbs free energy of formation; DGdeg; Gibb's Free Energy; Gibbs Function; ΔG; Free energy calculation; Free energy relationship; Gibbs energy minimization; Energy of formation; Energetically favorable
общая лексика
(свободная) энергия Гиббса
синоним
Gibbs function
TYPE OF THERMODYNAMIC POTENTIAL; USEFUL FOR CALCULATING REVERSIBLE WORK IN CERTAIN SYSTEMS
Gibbs function; Gibbs energy; Gibbs free energy change of formation; Gibb's free energy; ΔG°; Standard Gibbs free energy change of formation; Gibbs Free Energy; Free enthalpy; Gibbs free energy change; Gibbs Energy; Gibbs' free energy; Free energy equation; Energetically favourable; Gibbs free energy of formation; DGdeg; Gibb's Free Energy; Gibbs Function; ΔG; Free energy calculation; Free energy relationship; Gibbs energy minimization; Energy of formation; Energetically favorable
общая лексика
функция энергии Гиббса
Ορισμός
МЕЖДУНАРОДНОЕ АГЕНТСТВО ПО АТОМНОЙ ЭНЕРГИИ
автономная межправительственная организация, содействующая мирному использованию атомной энергии. Основанное в 1957, МАГАТЭ действует в системе ООН по соглашению с этой международной организацией.
В 1995 МАГАТЭ насчитывало 121 члена. Ежегодная Генеральная конференция всех государств-членов заслушивает отчет о работе Агентства за год. В промежутке между Генеральными конференциями текущей деятельностью Агентства руководит Совет управляющих, состоящий из представителей 35 государств-членов, во главе с Генеральным директором. Главный офис МАГАТЭ находится в Вене.
МАГАТЭ осуществляет поддержку научно-исследовательских работ в области атомной энергетики и содействует государствам-членам в приобретении ядерных материалов, технических услуг и оборудования. Оно способствует развитию ядерной энергетики и применению радиоактивных изотопов в медицинских и прочих мирных целях. Агентство занимается вопросами обмена технической информацией, а также подготовки специалистов. Кроме того, МАГАТЭ разрабатывает стандарты, гарантирующие защиту людей и окружающей среды от действия опасных факторов ядерной энергетики.
В конце 20 в. очередной бюджет МАГАТЭ, слагающийся из взносов государств-членов, достигал 220 млн. долл. Сумма добровольных взносов на программу технической помощи в 1995 составляла 61,5 млн. долл.
